Author: userhomeo

More often than not, PCOD and PCOS are used interchangeably, but while they can co-exist, they are not the same. PCOD is just a part/sign of the syndrome PCOS.
PCOD – Polycystic Ovarian Disease
PCOS – Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
The only evident difference between the two is Disease and Syndrome but these two
terms are self-explanatory for us to understand the difference. While PCOD is a medical
condition in which the ovaries produce immature eggs in large numbers that become cysts
eventually. Whereas PCOS is a syndrome i.e. combination of Disease conditions of females
in their reproductive age consisting of a combination of hormonal imbalance and metabolic
disorders leading to various signs and symptoms.

NOMENCLATURE

The disorder was first known as Stein Leventhal Syndrome (after its founder) after which it
was called PCOD and today as we understand that the disorder is so much more than
multiple cysts in the ovary we now use the term PCOS as it encompasses the various
aspects of the disorder.

PREVALENCE

Worldwide: 4 to 20% of women
India: 3.7 to 22.5%

DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA ESHRE or The ROTTERDAM CRITERIA (2003)

● Oligo/anovulation
● Hyperandrogenism (Clinical/Chemical)
● Polycystic ovaries (USG) [PCOD]
The presence of any 2 of the 3 conditions given is sufficient to diagnose PCOS.

1. Oligo/Anovulation: Normal cycle: 24-35 days
   Cyclic menses at normal intervals cannot be regarded as proof of ovulation, 15-40%
   females are eumenorrheic despite oligo/anovulation.
2. Hyperandrogenism:
   ● Clinical – Acne Hirsutism
   Androgenic alopecia
   (All are effects of androgens on pilosebaceous units i.e. sebaceous gland, erector
   pili muscle, hair follicle)
   HIRSUTISM can be assessed using the Modified Ferriman-Gallwey score.
   ● Chemical – Elevated levels of Testosterone
   Androstenedione
   DHEA & DHEA-S
   DHEA-S is a traditional marker for adrenal androgen excess because:
   ● It is derived exclusively from adrenal
   ● Relatively high concentration
   ● Stable across the day & menstrual cycle.
   DHEA-S may also be misleading because:
   ● It may also be elevated in tumors.
   ● It may lack sensitivity and specificity to identify the adrenal cause.
3. Polycystic ovaries:
   As per rotterdam criteria
   ● >=12 follicles
   ● Cysts 2-9 mm diameter.
   The volume and architecture of the ovary are not considered.
   Females using oral contraceptive pills may show polycystic ovaries in ultrasound.
   False positive ultrasound: Hyperprolactinemia
   Hypothalamic amenorrhea
   Normal pubertal development

OTHER FEATURES OF PCOS

OBESITY –

● Visceral fat > Subcutaneous fat
● Increased intra-abdominal obesity
● Increased waist-hip ratio
● Obesity is a risk factor and not an essential factor.

INSULIN RESISTANCE –

● 50 to 75% of females with PCOS have insulin resistance
● IR causes increased insulin which further leads to increased ovarian androgen, increased LH, and decreased hepatic SHBG all of which lead to Hyperandrogenism.
● Test – OGTT

ABNORMAL GONADOTROPIN SECRETION –

● High LH
● Low/ normal FSH
● High LH: FSH

DYSLIPIDEMIA –

● High HDL
● High Triglycerides (associated with IR)
● High LDL Normal lipid profile can also be seen in PCOS females

INVESTIGATIONS

1. USG – number of cysts >=12
   Size 2-9mm diameter
2. Serum values
   Luteinizing hormone – raised
   Follicular stimulating hormone – lower/normal
   LH: FSH – raised
   Testosterone – raised
   DHEA-S – raised
   Oestrone – raised
3. Other tests to be done
   TSH
   Prolactin
   Fasting lipid profile
   2-hour Oral glucose tolerance test

Lifestyle Management

1. Diet
2. Weight management
3. Exercise
4. Stress management
5. Sleep schedule

Drug Indication Side effects
Oral contraceptive pills
(First line of treatment)
Not trying to conceive Insulin resistance
Cardiac issues
Clomiphene citrate Anovulation Multiple pregnancies
Hot flashes
Metformin Insulin resistance
Diabetes mellitus
GIT complaints

Homeopathic Treatment Of PCOS

Various Homeopathic medicines indicated in cases of PCOS such as:

• Sepia
• Natrum muriaticum
• Calcarea carbonica
• Pulsatilla nigricans
• Kali carbonicum

Prescription varies from patient to patient as different patients suffering from PCOS show
a different picture that not everyone exhibits all symptoms of the syndrome, therefore,
prescription can be made based on the prominent symptoms seen in that patient for instance
HIRSUTISM – Sepia officinalis, Oleum jecoris
Acne – Sulphur, Silicea, Kali Brom
OBESITY – Calcarea carb, Graphites, Ammonium carb
Ovarian cyst – APIs mel, Thuja, Iodum, Conium mac

We must understand that while PCOS is a complex disease manifested in the form of
various disease conditions in the female body, a syndrome of such magnitude does not just
appear in a day, it is important to peel the layers and reach the core behind the massive
complex that appears as a consequence. Knowing the cause, be it hereditary, sedentary
lifestyle, stress, etc. Helps us find the right remedy for that given case of PCOS.

Case Report:

Patient Miss XYZ, aged 27 years, a primary teacher by profession came to the clinic as she
suffered from Irregular menses for the past 3 years, she was always a scholar during her
schooling and therefore she and her parents had very high expectations from her. The Father of
the patient wanted her to be a Chartered accountant but she wanted to be a lawyer, but due
to family pressure she was bound to pursue commerce, but despite all her efforts she
couldn’t clear her CA finals as her heart was not in it. She loved her father dearly but her
failed attempts made her feel she failed her father and being a scholar throughout school

she felt like a failure when she couldn’t clear her CA exams. This feeling lurked in the patient
even after the patient started her career as a teacher, which led to her abnormal menses,
and on getting a USG done polycystic ovaries were also seen. The patient took allopathic
treatment for 1.5 years and Homoeopathic treatment for 6 months, but had no relief. After
the patient’s anamnesis, it was found that too high expectations from parents and oneself were the core of the patient’s problem, and therefore Carcinosinum 200 was prescribed, which gradually improved the patient and did not require repetition The patient started having
regular cycles of 26 days and the patient was observed for the next 4 months.

COMPLICATIONS OF PCOS

1. Endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma – due to constant estrogen stimulation.

2. Infertility

3. Metabolic syndrome/ Syndrome “X”

● Increased waist circumference

● Hypertension (>= 130/85 mmHg)

● Raised Triglycerides (>=150 mg/dl)

● Low HDL (< 50 mg/dl)

● High Fasting glucose (>=100 mg/dl) or known case of Diabetes.

4. Cardiovascular diseases

5. Type 2 Diabetes

It is important to understand that PCOS is not just a gynecological disease, rather it is a
complex issue that hampers the quality of life of a female as it causes weight gain,
acne, facial hair, and hair fall which leads to body shaming & lack of self-confidence. Irregularities
in menses hamper the routine as the patient is always concerned about her menses
approaching. Infertility from PCOS takes a mental toll on the patient and the entire family.

This is a serious condition that must be treated with caution and appropriate treatment.

It takes the right amount of time to reverse PCOS and allow patients to live normal and healthy
life.

Eczema is a prevalent skin condition that is long-lasting, not contagious and is characterized by dry skin, red scaly patches in one area, intense itchiness, and skin discomfort. This condition can also be referred to as atopic eczema, neurodermatitis, or atopic dermatitis. It affects a proportion of 20% of children and 10% of the adult population in India and ranks as the 15th most common non-fatal disease worldwide and is the leading skin disease in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).

The skin eruptions linked with eczema are recognizable due to the presence of small raised bumps, the formation of crusts and scales, and fluid-filled blisters on reddened and swollen skin. Though, in darker skin, it might be tough to recognize the redness. When the eruptions or scales persist for long periods, the skin might thicken resulting in a condition called lichenification.

The causes of eczema are linked to a genetic variation that affects the skin’s capacity to offer protection. Due to a weakened barrier function, the skin becomes less capable of retaining moisture and safeguarding against bacteria, irritants, allergens, and environmental factors such as tobacco smoke. Other causes include the excessive presence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria on the skin.

Types of Eczema

S.no	Types	Indications
1.	Atopic Dermatitis –	This type of eczema leads to dryness, inflammation, and itching in the affected area. It usually affects young children and can happen to people of any age.
2.	Contact Dermatitis –	Also known as allergic contact dermatitis, is caused by environmental factors.
3.	Neurodermatitis or  –      Discoid Eczema	This form affects small patches of skin. It makes them itchy and scaly.
4.	Dyshidrotic Eczema –	The skin can become dry and a person may experience a burning sensation, rashes and blisters with this form of eczema.
5.	Nummular Eczema –	This condition results in the development of circular lesions throughout the entire body, with a particular prominence on the arms and legs.
6.	Seborrheic Dermatitis –	A type of eczema that causes inflammation specifically on the scalp.
7.	Stasis Dermatitis –	A condition characterized by changes in skin coloration on the legs that resemble varicose veins.

The American Academy of Dermatology states that the clinical diagnosis of eczema is determined by examining skin signs, identifying the location of the skin lesions, noting any related clinical findings, and determining if there is a history of atopy in the individual or their family. It is crucial to seek advice from a dermatologist, as each variant of this disease has its characteristic triggers and treatment requirements.

Treatment of eczema usually involves oral antibiotics, corticosteroids, and topical medications such as creams, gels, or ointments, which are applied directly to the affected skin to alleviate itching and reduce redness and swelling. It can be managed with lukewarm baths using a mild soap and applying moisturizer every day on the skin and by wearing cotton or soft fabrics clothes.

Homeopathic Management Of Eczema

Homeopathy is a holistic system of treatment that is safe, effective and involves the use of highly diluted substances to treat a variety of skin conditions, including eczema.

Homeopathic remedies for eczema are based on the principle of “like cures like,” meaning that a substance that causes similar symptoms in a healthy person is used to treat those symptoms in a sick person.

Homeopathy can help the body to move towards a healthier state and improve eczema by balancing the immune system. The chances of improvement are high because the body is capable of regulating itself.

The healing process follows Hering’s law of cure, where the deepest level symptoms are the first to improve, followed by the less severe ones.

If treatment is successful, the overall health of an individual will improve before eczema improves, starting with the face and trunk, and lastly, the extremities. According to the Homeopathic concept of disease, eczema is linked to the Psoric miasm, typically seen in individuals who have a sensitive, weak, and reactive personalities. They often have a tendency to develop chronic skin problems, which can be aggravated by stress, anxiety, and emotional imbalances.

In Previous studies, it was found that Graphites 30C shows good improvement in all symptoms of this problem. In another study most frequently prescribed homeopathic medicines were Calcarea carbonicum, Tuberculinum, and Medorrhinum.

Homeopathic Therapeutics

• Sulphur: Used when the skin is dry, scaly, and itchy, with a burning sensation.
• Graphites: Useful for treating dry, cracked, and scaly skin.
• Arsenicum album: It is recommended for itchy, burning, and painful eczema that is aggravated at night.
• Petroleum: Helps to relieve eczema with cracks that bleed, especially on the hands, fingers, and feet.
• Natrum muriaticum: It is used for eczema that is triggered by emotional stress and has a tendency to form blisters.

Conclusion

Homeopathy aims to stimulate the body’s natural healing process and improve the patient’s overall health and can provide a long-term solution to eczema, promoting overall well-being and improving patients’ quality of life. To accurately determine the effectiveness of homeopathic treatment for eczema, it is necessary to conduct larger studies using various study designs and larger groups of participants.

Hypothyroidism is the most common Thyroid disorder in India. It is an endocrine disorder that
occurs as a result of an underactive thyroid. The gland fails to produce enough thyroid hormones
per the body’s requirements leading to raised Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THYROID